A historic photo of a Beltsville Small White tom.
Unknown author - This image was released by the Agricultural Research Service.
The Beltsville Small White is a modern American breed of domestic turkey. It was developed from 1934 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center of the United States Department of Agriculture in Beltsville, Maryland, and was named for that town and for its physical characteristics — small size and white plumage. It enjoyed a brief period of commercial success in the mid-twentieth century, but numbers then declined sharply; in the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, and may be considered a heritage turkey breed.
Development for the Small White began in the 1930s in response to market research that said consumers wanted a turkey of small to medium size with no dark pinfeathers and more white meat. In 1934, the Beltsville Research Center started a seven-year breeding and research program; led by Stanley J. Marsden and lasting until 1941. Initially, the Small White was a cross of the Bronze, White Holland, White Austrian, Black, and wild turkeys. Two years later, the Broad Breasted Bronze was introduced as well. The new breed was characterized by early maturity, more breast meat, high hatchability, and an adequate size for smaller ovens and families. The breed was used commercially in the 1940s and was recognized officially by the American Poultry Association in 1951.
Since the Beltsville Small white was explicitly developed for smaller households, its size could not fulfill the shift in consumer demand for larger turkeys; precisely the demand of commercial food processors and restaurants in need of larger breasted turkeys. By the 1970s, it had nearly disappeared, with the Broad Breasted White rising to prominence to meet consumer needs. Beltsville Small Whites are extremely rare today and are listed as Critical by the American Livestock Conservancy. In more recent years, the variety has seen a revival of interest specifically for those interested in heritage turkey breeds, including a research flock at Iowa State University and efforts to locate and conserve remnant flocks in the United States and Canada.
Small Whites have entirely white plumage, with a red to blueish-white head, black beard, horn-colored beak, and dark brown eyes. Their shanks and toes are typically pinkish white. Weights range from approximately 17 to 21 lb (7.7 to 9.5 kg) for toms, and about 10 to 17 lb (4.5 to 7.7 kg) for hens.
Here is an article on the history of the Beltsville Small White from the United States Department of Agriculture.